Chemistry Study Materials

Atomic structure describes how protons, neutrons (in the nucleus), and electrons (in shells/orbitals) are arranged within an atom.

Periodic law, blocks, trends — atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron affinity, electronegativity.

Chemical bonding is the force of attraction that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound, arising from redistribution of electrons.

Enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, Hess's law, bond enthalpy, and spontaneity.

Chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, ionic equilibrium, acid-base theories, pH, buffers, and Ksp.

Galvanic cells, EMF, electrode potentials, Nernst equation, electrolysis, and corrosion.

Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, their nomenclature, structural isomerism, and electronic effects that influence reactivity.

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, reactions — addition, substitution, elimination.

Alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines — nomenclature and reactions.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, polymers, and rubber.

Types of solutions, solubility, Raoult's law, colligative properties, van't Hoff factor.

Rate laws, order of reaction, rate constant, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, and catalysis.